Bitcoin Infrastructure for the AI & Space Economy

402T Labs is a deep-tech studio building the Bitcoin-based infrastructure that powers autonomous AI, transparent treasuries, and future interplanetary commerce. We design open protocols and reference implementations so machines, companies, and eventually entire planets can transact and audit value natively over Bitcoin.

Explore Research Get in Touch

Bitcoin Native

Cryptographic Security

Verifiable Transparency

About 402T Labs

Building the Bitcoin-based infrastructure for autonomous AI and interplanetary commerce.

402T Labs is a deep-tech studio building the Bitcoin-based infrastructure that powers autonomous AI, transparent treasuries, and future interplanetary commerce. We design open protocols and reference implementations so machines, companies, and eventually entire planets can transact and audit value natively over Bitcoin.

Our work spans four pillars:

Treasury Proof Ledger (TPL)
A cryptographically secure audit log that gives public companies Bitcoin-native, policy-driven treasury transparency.
Interplanetary Bitcoin & Proof-of-Transit Timestamping (PoTT)
A layered architecture that makes Bitcoin usable across Earth–Mars communication delays.
MCP Apps: Interactive UI for AI
A standard that lets AI servers expose rich, secure user interfaces instead of raw text and JSON.
x402 Protocol
An HTTP 402-based payment rail that lets AI agents and services perform instant, low-fee micropayments over the web.

By combining Bitcoin, AI and space-grade networking, 402T Labs partners with enterprises, institutions and open-source communities to prototype the financial plumbing of the next economy—on Earth and beyond.

Media Coverage

Cointelegraph

Sending Bitcoin to Mars is now theoretically possible: Researchers

Read Full Article

TheStreet

Forget Dollars: Bitcoin Could Run Earth-Mars Economy

Read Full Article

Coinmarketcap

Bitcoin Lightning Enables Mars-Earth Transactions in 3 Minutes

Read Full Article

Research & Publications

Groundbreaking protocols for institutional-scale Bitcoin applications.

Treasury Proof Ledger (TPL)

Treasury Proof Ledger is a Bitcoin-anchored audit ledger for multi-domain Bitcoin treasuries. It models wallets, exchanges and custodians as a single conserved exposure state machine with an explicit fee sink, and publishes commitment-based logs that support policy-defined, privacy-compatible views for boards, auditors, regulators and the public.

Exposure State Machine Bitcoin-Anchored Commitments Policy-Defined Views PoR & PoT Compatible

Read Paper

Interplanetary Bitcoin & Proof-of-Transit Timestamping (PoTT)

A layered architecture that makes Bitcoin usable across Earth–Mars communication delays, introducing Proof-of-Transit Timestamping (PoTT) for cryptographic custody attestation, header-first replication for efficient sync, and latency-aware Lightning channels with physics-based timelock parameterization.

PoTT Protocol DTN Integration OWLT-Aware Timelocks Federated Settlement

Read Paper

Open Source Collaboration

We publish our work openly. Our reference implementations are available for integration into production systems.

GitHub

Technical Innovations

Novel primitives and architectures for Bitcoin at interplanetary scale.

Proof-of-Transit Timestamping (PoTT)

A transport-layer receipt primitive that cryptographically chains hop-timed custody attestations to Bitcoin payload hashes. Each relay appends a signed receipt with ingress/egress timestamps, creating tamper-evident propagation histories for dispute resolution.

• TAI-encoded timestamps with CCSDS CUC • Anti-splice hash chains prevent manipulation • Per-message nonces ensure uniqueness • OWLT envelope verification

Header-First Replication

An optimization strategy that prioritizes block headers for efficient chain synchronization across intermittent, high-latency links. Headers enable timely fork choice decisions while deferring transaction and filter data to opportunistic transfers.

• ~4.2 MB/yr header bandwidth • Preserves Bitcoin's verification model • DTN-compatible store-and-forward • Efficient for contact-plan scheduling

Latency-Aware Lightning

Lightning Network channels parameterized for interplanetary delays, incorporating one-way light time and jitter allowances into CLTV/CSV timelocks. Channels maintain capital efficiency while accounting for physics-based settlement delays.

• Δ^extra_CLTV = ⌈(RTT + J)/b_target⌉ blocks • Earth-Mars: 11 extra blocks at 22 min OWLT • Preserves L2 capital efficiency • Watchtower-compatible dispute resolution

PoTT-M2 Verification

A rigorous security profile requiring multi-path, multi-domain evidence with independent time-beacon audits. Ensures administrative diversity and OWLT envelope compliance for high-stakes dispute resolution.

• ≥3 relays from ≥2 administrative domains • Independent TAI time-beacon audits • OWLT envelope cross-verification • Graceful degradation to administrative assertions

Treasury Exposure State Machine

Treasury Proof Ledger (TPL) models a Bitcoin treasury as a conserved state machine over multiple domains, tracking on-chain and off-chain exposures with an explicit fee sink for miner payouts and slippage.

• Multi-domain exposure vectors for wallets, exchanges and custodians • Explicit fee sink captures miner fees and trading friction • Policy-checked transitions for treasury operations and transfers • Deployment-level notions of exposure soundness and completeness

Policy-Defined, Privacy-Compatible Views

TPL creates cryptographic logs that support stakeholder-specific views: regulators, auditors, boards and the public each see only the policy-allowed slice of treasury exposure, anchored on Bitcoin for non-equivocation.

• Commitment-based logs anchored to Bitcoin block headers • Policy-defined projections for different stakeholder classes • Compatibility with proof-of-reserves and proof-of-transit schemes • Non-equivocation guarantees for published treasury positions

Treasury Proof Ledger

A cryptographically secure audit log that gives public companies Bitcoin-native, policy-driven treasury transparency.

Treasury Proof Ledger Infographic

Interplanetary-Scale Settlement

Bitcoin architectures that maintain verifiability across extreme network conditions, from Earth to off-planet domains. Our work preserves Bitcoin's base-layer parameters while enabling reliable operation across AU-scale, intermittently connected links.

Making Bitcoin Interplanetary Infographic

x402 Payments Protocol

An HTTP 402-based payment rail that lets AI agents and services perform instant, low-fee micropayments over the web.

At 402T Labs, we develop solutions and conduct research about this protocol.

x402 Powering the AI Economy Infographic

Ready to Innovate?

We partner with institutions, researchers, and innovators seeking cutting-edge solutions in Bitcoin treasuries, Crypto protocols, AI applications, and telecom infrastructure. Let's build the future together.